United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon

Mandate

According to its Mandate, established by United Nations Security Council Resolutions 425 and 426 in 1978, UNIFIL is tasked with the following objectives:

confirm the withdrawal of Israeli forces from southern Lebanon.

restore international peace and security.

assist the Government of Lebanon in ensuring the return of its effective authority in the area.

In addition, several further Security Council resolutions have reaffirmed and expanded the mission's mandate, including:

31 January 2006: SC Resolution 1655

31 July 2006: SC Resolution 1697

11 August 2006: SC Resolution 1701

Under SC Resolution 1701, UNIFIL's mandate was expanded, giving it new duties:

Monitor the cessation of hostilities.

Accompany and support the Lebanese armed forces as they deploy throughout the South, including along the Blue Line, as Israel withdraws its armed forces from Lebanon.

Coordinate its activities referred to in the preceding paragraph (above) with the Government of Lebanon and the Government of Israel.

Extend its assistance to help ensure humanitarian access to civilian populations and the voluntary and safe return of displaced persons.

Assist the Lebanese Armed Forces (LAF) in taking steps towards the establishment between the Blue Line and the Litani river of an area free of any armed personnel, assets and weapons other than those of the Government of Lebanon and of UNIFIL deployed in this area.

History

The first UNIFIL troops deployed in the area on 23 March 1978 were redeployed from other UN peacekeeping operations in the region, the (United Nations Emergency Force, the United Nations Truce Supervision Organization, and the United Nations Disengagement Observer Force Zone). They were deployed after Israel launched an invasion of Lebanon earlier in the month, in response to Palestinian militants hijacking a bus on the Coastal Highway of Israel and murdered its occupants in across border raid from Lebanon.

UNIFIL built its headquarters in Naqoura close to the Lebanese-Israeli border. The majority of the force's initial personnel were provided by Canada, Iran and Sweden, with support from France, Nepal and Norway. The initial force consists of 4,000 troops. This was increased to 6,000 in May 1978.

Israeli forces withdrew from the area on 13 June 1978, after which the Free Lebanon Army under Saad Haddad remained in the area. On April 18, 1979, Haddad proclaimed the area under his control the "Independent Free Lebanon". The following day, he was branded a traitor by the Lebanese government and officially dismissed from the Lebanese Army. Part of the Army of Free Lebanon returned to government control, while Haddad's part split away and was renamed the South Lebanon Army (SLA) in May 1980.

UNIFIL began patrolling operations and established a series of positions, including checkpoints, roadblocks and observation posts. UNIFIL operations during this time were hindered by restrictions that were imposed on its freedom of movement and a lack of cooperation by all parties to the conflict. There were several attacks on its personnel, including ambushes, kidnappings, shelling and sniping. As a result, only limited progress was made in fulfilling its mandate between 1978 and 1982. During the occupation, UNIFIL's function was mainly to provide humanitarian aid amidst the Lebanese Civil War.

Lebanese Civil War (until 1990)

Before the second Israeli invasion of Lebanon, on 2 January 1982 two Ghanaian soldiers guarding a UNIFIL position were attacked by unidentified persons and one of the soldiers was shot and subsequently died. In February 1982, the force was increased by a further 1,000 troops. During the 1982 Lebanon War, commencing on 6 June 1982, Israeli forces advanced into south Lebanon. Despite being ordered to block the advance, the UN positions were either bypassed or overrun, primarily by the SLA forces under Saad Haddad.

The SLA was the main Lebanese paramilitary force supported by the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) in southern Lebanon. The UN force was overwhelmed within a day. At least one Norwegian peacekeeper was killed in the initial attack. Following this, UNIFIL focused primarily on the distribution of aid and medical support. A new peacekeeping force, the Multinational Force in Lebanon was also created and deployed in Beirut until it was withdrawn in March 1984.

South Lebanon conflict (until 2000)

Beginning in 1985, Israel scaled back its permanent positions in Lebanon, although the IDF maintained some forces in Southern Lebanon, along with the SLA, to establish a security zone to prevent attacks on Israel from Lebanon. These forces were engaged by several groups, including Hezbollah.

UNIFIL's role during this time was limited mainly to manning checkpoints and undertaking patrols, as its operations were constrained by the Israeli security zone in the south. Its personnel were attacked by elements on both sides of the conflict during this time, and financial issues also hampered UNIFIL operations as some UN member states withheld funding for the operation. In 1986, the force was reorganised when France decreased its contribution to UNIFIL. There was a proposal to convert the force into an observation group around this time, although this was ultimately rejected.

The period saw the 1993 Seven-Day War in Lebanon, and in 1996, south Lebanon was bombarded by the Israeli army, air force, and navy for seventeen days. According to Amnesty International, during the 1996 bombardment, UNIFIL compounds and vehicles came under Israeli aircraft or artillery fire 270 times. This included the shelling of the Fijian UNIFIL compound near Qana where 102 villagers sheltering were killed.

In April 2000, Israel notified the UN Secretary General that it was withdrawing from south Lebanon. This process was completed by June 2000. After this, UNIFIL was able to resume its military tasks along the "Blue Line (withdrawal line)" (a demarcation line dividing Lebanon from Israel) and the adjacent areas, where UNIFIL sought to maintain the ceasefire through patrols, observation from fixed positions, and close contact between Lebanese Armed Forces (LAF), as well as providing humanitarian assistance to the local population.

Conflict in 2006

According to UNIFIL press releases, there were dozens of incidents of UN posts coming under fire during the 2006 Lebanon War by Israeli forces. In his 21 July 2006 report about the UNIFIL activities 21 January – 18 July 2006, the Secretary-General of the United Nations Kofi Annan stated that "Some Hezbollah positions remained in close proximity to United Nations positions, especially in the Hula area, posing a significant security risk to United Nations personnel and equipment."

On 17 July, a UNIFIL international staff member and his wife were killed when Israeli aircraft bombed the Hosh District of Tyre, Lebanon.

On 23 July, Hezbollah fire wounded an Italian observer.

On 25 July, Hezbollah opened small arms fire at a UNIFIL convoy, forcing it to retreat.

On 25 July, four soldiers from the Ghanaian battalion were lightly injured after an Israeli tank shell hit a UNIFIL position during fighting in Southern Lebanon on 24 July 2006.

Shrapnel from tank shells fired by the IDF seriously wounded an Indian soldier on 16 July 2006.

On 25 July, four UNTSO observers from Austria, Canada, China and Finland were killed by Israeli strikes on an OGL (Observer Group Lebanon) patrol base near Khiam in southern Lebanon. According to the UN, the Israelis stated they were responding to "Hezbollah fire from that vicinity" and the four had taken shelter in a bunker under the post. The area around the site was hit by a precision guided bomb from an Israeli jet and shelled a total of 14 times by Israeli artillery throughout the day despite warning calls made by UN personnel to the IDF. However, General Alain Pellegrini, then commander of UNIFIL, claims that he attempted to call Israeli officials "five or six times", but never got past their secretaries. Later, Israeli artillery shelling resumed as a rescue team tried to clear the rubble.

On 29 July, two Indian soldiers were wounded when their post was damaged during an Israeli airstrike in Southern Lebanon.

From August 2006

In order to stress the importance of implementing United Nations Security Council Resolution 1701, UN Secretary-General Annan himself paid a visit to UNIFIL on the ground in August 2006.

By July 2006, UNIFIL's strength had dropped to its lowest, with only 1,980 personnel deployed. Following the UN-brokered ceasefire, UNIFIL received a large number of reinforcements, up to 15,000 personnel, and heavy equipment. France committed to increase its complement from 400 to 2,000 men and send Leclerc main battle tanks and AMX 30 AuF1 self-propelled artillery, in addition to the forces deployed in Opération Baliste. Italy committed to deploying 3,000 troops, while Qatar offered to send between 200 and 300 troops. As the French were preparing to deploy, French commander of UNIFIL Alain Pellegrini and the country's foreign minister, Philippe Douste-Blazy, stated that France would not intervene to disarm Hezbollah.

A naval component of UNIFIL was set up to assist the Lebanese Navy as an interim measure to prevent arms proliferation to Hezbollah while the Lebanese Navy builds its capacity. For a period the force was German-led under the command of a German admiral before handing over to the Italians.

The Indonesian contingent received 12 VAB (Véhicule de l'Avant Blindé) on 17 February 2007, as part of the second wave of shipments from the agreement between the French and Indonesian governments. Among the equipment sent with the second wave of VABs were 10 tool boxes (pioneering equipment), 10 armored vehicle radio communications units, HMG (Heavy Machine Gun) shooter shields, and 40 water jerrycans.

On 16 March 2009, KRI Diponegoro, an Indonesian Sigma-class corvette joined the UNIFIL Naval Task Force. In August 2010, two Indonesian soldiers were criticized after they escaped from clashes between Israel and Lebanon by fleeing in a taxi.

The Israeli Ambassador to the UN, Ambassador Dan Gillerman, met with UNIFIL commander, Maj.-Gen. Claudio Graziano, on 15 August 2008, after Israel was accused of unilaterally violating United Nations Security Council Resolution 1701 by the almost daily overflights of Lebanese airspace, the continued occupation of the village of Ghajar, and Israel's refusal to submit maps of areas on which it dropped cluster munitions during the 2006 Lebanese war.

Post-2006 deployment

Post 2006, UNIFIL was deployed throughout Southern Lebanon, south of the Litani River, and primarily along the United Nations-drawn Blue Line, the border between Israel and Lebanon. Since then, the force's activities have centered around monitoring military activity between Hezbollah and the Israel Defense Forces to reduce tensions and allay tension along the border. UNIFIL has played an important role in clearing landmines, assisting displaced persons and providing humanitarian assistance to civilians in the underdeveloped region of Southern Lebanon.

Under UN Security Council Resolution 1701, which passed as a result of the 2006 Lebanon War, its mandate and rules of engagement changed. The mandate changed to allow up to 15,000 personnel in order to assist the Lebanese Armed Forces in deploying in Southern Lebanon to implement the Lebanese government's sovereignty. The rules of engagement changed to allow the troops to open fire in certain cases: mostly in cases of self-defense but also to protect civilians, UN personnel and facilities.

The new resolution states that UNIFIL can "take all the necessary action in areas of deployment of its forces, and as it deems necessary with its capabilities, to ensure that its area of operations is not utilized for hostile activities of any kind".

On 27 August 2006, United Nations Secretary-General Kofi Annan said that UNIFIL would not intercept arms shipments from Syria, unless requested to do so by Lebanon.

In June 2007, six peacekeepers (three Spanish and three Colombian) were killed when a car bomb targeted their armoured vehicle on the road between Khiyam and Marjayoun.

In January 2015, peacekeeper Corporal Francisco Javier Soria Toledo of the Spanish army was killed by Israeli artillery fire during an exchange with Hezbollah in the Shebaa Farms area.

In December 2022, UNIFIL peacekeeper Private Seán Rooney from Ireland was killed when his convoy was attacked and fired upon in Al-Aqbieh. Six members of Hezbollah were later sentenced by a Lebanese military tribunal for the killing.

Maritime Task Force

The Maritime Task Force (MTF) is the naval component of the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL). As of February 2012, the MTF was under the command of

Rear Admiral Wagner Lopes de Moraes Zamith of Brazil. The Brazilian frigate Constituição is the flagship of the fleet comprising vessels from Bangladesh, Brazil, Germany, Greece, Indonesia and Turkey.

After the 2006 Lebanon War, the UNIFIL Maritime Task Force (MTF) was established to assist the Lebanese Naval Forces in preventing the smuggling of illegal shipments in general and armament shipments in particular. With its establishment in October 2006, the force was led by the German Navy which was also the major contributor to the force. The Germans lead the MTF up until 29 February 2008 when they passed control over to EUROMARFOR – a force made up of ships from Portugal, Spain, Italy and France, of which the latter three countries sent vessels to the force in Lebanon.

Personnel

As of 19 June 2018, UNIFIL employed 10,480 military personnel, including 500 women, from 41 countries. It is supported by 239 international civilian staff, including 78 women, and 583 national civilian staff, including 153 women. It is led by Spanish Major General Aroldo Lázaro Sáenz.

The UNIFIL military component also includes a contingent from Kazakhstan. The Kazakh peacekeeping forces joined the mission for the first time in late 2018. A total of 120 soldiers from Kazakhstan were deployed as part of the Indian battalion in Lebanon on 31 October 2018.

In 2019, UNSC resolution 2485 extended the mission's mandate until August 2020 and reduced the troop ceiling from 15,000 to 13,000.

In November 2019, after ten years of absence, the Polish military contingent returned.

Protecting cultural heritage

In April 2019, the United Nations Interim Force deployed a cultural asset in Lebanon with Blue Shield International. It was shown that cultural property protection (carried out by military and civil specialists) forms the basis for the future peaceful and economic development of a city, region or country in many conflict zones. The need for training and coordination of the military and civilian participants, including the increased involvement of the local population, became apparent, especially at World Heritage Sites. The connection between cultural user disruption and causes of flight was explained by the President of Blue Shield International, Karl von Habsburg, who stated: "Cultural assets are part of the identity of the people who live in a certain place. If you destroy their culture, you also destroy their identity. Many people are uprooted, often have no prospects anymore and subsequently flee from their homeland."

2023 Israel–Hezbollah conflict

Israel and Hezbollah have exchanged fire across the Israel-Lebanon border since 8 October 2023. Hezbollah has fired rockets at targets in Israel, while the IDF has struck targets in Lebanon with artillery and drones.

2024 Israeli invasion of Lebanon

On 17 and 18 September 2024, Israel attacked Hezbollah members with bombs concealed inside pagers and other small electronic devices.

On 20 September, an IDF airstrike hit Beirut. Similar bombardments followed throughout the rest of September.

On the evening of 30 September, the IDF invaded southern Lebanon with approximately 45,000 troops, while air strikes on Beirut and other targets throughout Lebanon continued. UNIFIL forces did not intervene, and remained in their positions. On 4 October, IDF told Irish UNIFIL personnel to withdraw from one of their positions. Representatives of the peacekeeping mission and the Irish government declined.

Due to the intensive military operations of Israel against Hezbollah in southern Lebanon, 150 Polish soldiers from the 9th rotation could not return to the country and had to wait in shelters until the conflict escalated. By November 1, all Polish soldiers from the 9th rotation had returned to Poland.

In the evening of 9 October, IDF soldiers "deliberately fired at and disabled" the video surveillance system at UNP 1-31 base, the lighting system, and a radio repeater at UNP 1-32A base with small arms fire, according to the UN. On 10 October 2024, Israeli troops opened fire on three UNIFIL positions in South Lebanon, including UNIFIL's main base at Naqoura. Two Indonesian personnel were injured after an Israeli tank fired on an observation tower. The same day, Israel demanded the immediate withdrawal of all UNIFIL personnel located within 5 km of the Israeli-Lebanese border (meaning all the mission's positions in South Lebanon). Contributing countries to the mission unanimously declined.

On October 11, the IDF again attacked the base at Naqoura. Two Sri Lankan peacekeepers were wounded, one seriously, and the perimeter wall was damaged by an IDF bulldozer. In the evening, the governments of France, Italy and Spain released a joint statement condemning the attacks. The US government also called on Israel not to attack UNIFIL bases. The UN called the attack a "serious development". UNIFIL bases suffered heavy damage in clashes between the IDF and Hezbollah on the evening of 11 October. On 12 October, one Indonesian UNIFIL soldier was injured by Israeli fire.

2024 Israel–Lebanon ceasefire agreement

On 27 November 2024, a ceasefire agreement was signed by Israel, Lebanon, and five mediating countries, including the United States.

Between the 27 November 2024 ceasefire and the start of the March 2026 war, Israeli forces were documented committing more than 15,400 violations of Lebanese sovereignty. These incidents included near-daily airstrikes, ground incursions, and the maintenance of five unauthorised military positions inside Lebanon. Over 15,400 violations were documented by UNIFIL and the Lebanese government. Approximately 8,100, involving drones, fighter jets, and helicopters. More than 2,600, including troop movements and firing across the Blue Line. Israeli fire killed at least 370 people and injured over 1,100 during this period. More than 64,000 people remained internally displaced as of late 2025 due to ongoing insecurity in border regions.

UNIFIL documented the construction of an Israeli wall extending past the Blue Line, making 4,000 square metres of Lebanese land inaccessible.

UNIFIL reported numerous deliberate and incidental attacks by Israeli forces. These incidents included direct tank fire, drone-dropped grenades, and the destruction of surveillance equipment, resulting in injuries and significant hindrance to peacekeeping operations. On 2 September 2025, Israeli drones dropped four grenades near peacekeepers clearing roadblocks near the Blue Line. One grenade landed within 20 metres of UN personnel. A similar incident occurred on 26 October 2025, where a drone dropped a grenade near a patrol moments before a tank fired towards them. On 16 November 2025, an Israeli Merkava tank fired heavy machine gun rounds within five metres of peacekeepers on foot inside Lebanese territory. UNIFIL described this as a "serious violation" of Resolution 1701.

UNIFIL reported no new military infrastructure from non-state actors after the 2024 truce. They discovered over 360 illegal weapon caches and 300 pieces of unexploded ordnance, which were referred to the Lebanese Armed Forces (LAF) for disposal.

2026 Lebanon war

Since 2 March 2026, there has been an ongoing war in Lebanon between Israel and Hezbollah. It is a resumption of major fighting in the Israel–Hezbollah conflict that began in late 2023, and is part of the wider conflict in the Middle East. The ongoing war has killed more than 1,500 militants and civilians in Lebanon and displaced nearly 1 million, 20% of the country's population, creating a humanitarian crisis.

The IDF issued a statement demanding the evacuation of the civilian population from the UNIFIL area of operations to the north of the Litani River on 4 March 2026. The order instructed residents of southern Lebanese villages and towns to move immediately ahead of a new wave of strikes against Hezbollah targets.

On 6 March 2026, two Israeli missile strikes hit a UNIFIL battalion headquarters in Al-Qaouzah, injuring three UN peacekeepers from Ghana. According to the Ghana Armed Forces, two soldiers sustained critical injuries, while a third was left traumatised. The most severely wounded peacekeeper was evacuated to a hospital in Beirut for surgery, while the others received care at a UNIFIL medical facility. The strikes destroyed the base's Officers' Mess facility, which was engulfed in flames following the impact. The Israel Defense Forces (IDF) later admitted to the strike, stating it was a mistake. An internal investigation concluded that the fire, intended for Hezbollah targets, was "mistakenly carried out" using 120mm tank shells. UNIFIL condemned the attack as "unacceptable", noting that targeting peacekeepers performing Security Council-mandated tasks could amount to a war crime. The Ghanaian government lodged a formal protest at the United Nations headquarters in New York, demanding a thorough investigation and accountability. Israel apologised to both Ghana and the United Nations for the error. French President Emmanuel Macron and Lebanese President Joseph Aoun both issued strong condemnations of the strike.

On 15 March 2026, peacekeepers from UNIFIL were fired upon in three separate incidents while conducting routine patrols near their bases in southern Lebanon. UNIFIL stated the gunfire was likely carried out by non-state armed groups. The fire in Yatar hit as close as five metres from the peacekeepers. The sources of fire in the two other incidents were about 100 and 200 metres away, respectively. Two patrols returned fire in self-defence, and after brief exchanges, the patrols resumed their planned activities. No peacekeeper was injured.

UNIFIL mandate ending

Following the 2024 ceasefire related to Israeli attacks on Hezbollah militias in southern Lebanon, negotiations began on extending the UNIFIL mission. Ultimately in August 2025 UN Security Council voted to extend the mission until the end of 2026, under pressure from Israel and the US. The mandate of the peacekeeping force in southern Lebanon is valid until December 31, 2026. After this date, in 2027, the process of withdrawing the UNIFIL peacekeeping force is to begin, handing over the protection of the Blue Line to the Lebanese Armed Forces, however due to cost-cutting measures in November 2025, the number of UN peacekeepers was reduced from 10,500 to over 9,900 compared to the beginning of the year. By February 2026, the number of UN peacekeepers had fallen to 7,500 and another reduction in UN forces is planned by May.

In December 2025, the Italian Minister of Defence Guido Crosetto declared that Italy would leave troops in southern Lebanon after the end of the UNIFIL mandate, as part of participation in MCT4L and MIBIL missions.

Finland has declared that it will remain in the UNIFIL mission until the mandate expires in December 2026.

Austrian and Irish peacekeepers are to remain in Lebanon under the existing UNIFIL mandate until 2027. The South Korea declared the withdrawal of its forces from the UNIFIL mission by the end of 2027. In turn, the Polish peacekeeping forces that are part of IRISHPOLBATT are to remain until 31 August 2026.

On 1 February 2026 patrols along the Blue Line were temporarily suspended after the Israeli military reported the use of a "non-toxic chemical substance". A week later, a spokesperson from the UN noted that they had received reports of the spraying of highly concentrated glyphosate herbicide and expressed concerns. On 13 March 2026, the Croatian officer ended his service due to Croatia's withdrawal of military contingents from Iraq and Lebanon.

Contributing countries

As of 1 July 2026, the total number of personnel in the mission is 7,448:

Assessment and controversy

Since its formation, UNIFIL has been repeatedly criticised and condemned as incompetent, ineffectual, "a failure" of the United Nations and "largely meaningless". The New Republic reported in October 2006 that,Our military and W. intelligence sources reveal that Hizballah waited only one day after Israel's final pull-out to set up checkpoints and declare its retaken strongholds with rockets "closed military zones", which neither the Lebanese army nor UN peacekeepers have dared enter.A former Israeli diplomat, Itamar Rabinovich, criticised the efficacy of UNIFIL, describing it as "a joke" and stating "They've been there for 26 years and since then, there have been so many skirmishes [along the border]." Former Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Olmert also said "We didn't like very much UNIFIL which was very useless and very helpless. Look what happened. Did you hear of any particular efforts of the United Nations UNIFIL force in the south of Lebanon to prevent the attacks against Israel in the first place. So they were not useful and that is why we were unhappy with them."

Both Israel and Hezbollah have accused UNIFIL of bias. Israel claims the force has allowed, if not aided, Hezbollah's replenishment of military power. Hezbollah, in turn, alleges that "certain contingents" of UNIFIL are spying for, if not assisting, Israel. During deadly skirmishes between Lebanese and Israeli forces in 2010, UNIFIL was heavily criticized for failing to intervene, with two Indonesian soldiers filmed fleeing the battleground in a taxi.

UNIFIL has responded to the accusations of bias levied by both sides. On 26 July 2006, a former spokesman stated that upon the mission's deployment in 1978, UNIFIL was "accused of being sympathetic to Palestinians", as Hezbollah had not yet been established. "A peacekeeping force does not come here with pre-set enemies. There is no enemy [inaudible] in a peacekeeping force. UNIFIL is a peacekeeping force. It's not an Israeli combat force or an anti-terror force, as they would like it to be. As long as we don't serve their direct interests, they are going to denigrate it as much as they can."

In February 2021, Lebanese journalist and opponent of Hezbollah Lokman Slim was abducted and murdered while in a UNIFIL-controlled area of Lebanon. According to the Los Angeles Review of Books,Lokman Slim was found slumped over in the passenger seat of his Toyota with four bullets to the head and one to the back on February 4. Though his car was found outside Addoussieh in South Lebanon, his phone was retrieved from a field 36 kilometers away in Niha al-Janoub, a village he frequented once a week to have lunch with a friend, a general in the Lebanese Army. That he was kidnapped and murdered but kilometers from the UNIFIL barracks, where around 600 French and 200 Finnish soldiers were stationed, was a message to more than activists.

Israeli concerns

Among Israel's criticisms of UNIFIL are that it maintains dialogue with Hezbollah, which it views as a terrorist organization, and treats Israeli and Hezbollah violations of UNSC Resolution 1701 equally, while Israel views its violations of Lebanese airspace as less severe than Hezbollah's violations including crossings of the blue line and rocket launches, namely because the presence of Hezbollah in southern Lebanon in and of itself is in violation of Resolution 1701. Israel and its primary allies in the west consider Hezbollah to be a terrorist organization and not a legitimate political party or representative of Lebanon. UNIFIL was accused of complicity in the fatal abduction of IDF soldiers in October 2000, and Israel further blamed it for obstructing its investigation by initially denying the existence of the attack and, upon the leaking of the incident's occurrence, refusing to supply videos for several months.

Prior to the July 2006 Lebanon War, Israel had been lobbying for UNIFIL to either take a more active role vis-a-vis Hezbollah—for example, preventing Hezbollah from stationing near UNIFIL posts to fire at the IDF and into northern Israel—or to step out of the region, which would thereby void the Lebanese government's excuse for not deploying Lebanese Armed Forces along the border.

UNIFIL also came under criticism during the 2006 Lebanon War for broadcasting detailed reports of Israeli troop movements, numbers, and positions on their website which "could have exposed Israeli soldiers to grave danger", while making no such reports about Hezbollah. UNIFIL's actions could have been motivated by the fact that Israel was, as a response to Hezbollah rocket fire (which Hezbollah alleges to have been a reaction to Israeli "border violations") and to the kidnapping of Israeli soldiers, conducting a ground invasion of Lebanon at that time. Israel was concerned when it was reported that Indonesia was being considered to replace Italy as commander of UNIFIL's naval force. As Indonesia does not recognize Israel, and the two countries have no diplomatic or military relations, Israel expressed concern that cooperation with the IDF, especially the Israeli Navy, could deteriorate.

A 2010 book published by Norwegian journalist Odd Karsten Tveit revealed that the Norwegian Army was complicit in the escape of two Lebanese men who were arrested by the Israeli Army and being held in Khiam prison. According to the book, in 1992, two detained Lebanese men escaped from Khiam prison. Fearing that they would face torture or execution if caught by the Israel Defense Forces or South Lebanon Army, the soldiers dressed the detainees in UN uniforms, and placed them in a UNIFIL convoy which left Southern Lebanon through Israeli roadblocks. Shortly afterward, Israeli Army commander Moshe Tamir visited the Norwegian battalion's camp, and accused Norwegian commander Hagrup Haukland of "sheltering terrorists". Immediately after the confrontation, the Lebanese men were smuggled onto a bus used by Norwegian peacekeepers on leave, which took them to Beirut.

Hezbollah concerns

Hezbollah supporters have accused UNIFIL of siding with Israel, especially since the passage of Resolution 1701 which they view as one-sided. On 16 October 2006, Lebanon's top Shiite cleric Grand Ayatollah Sayyed Mohammad Hussein Fadlallah declared that the UN force had "come to protect Israel, not Lebanon", echoing the sentiment of the leader of Hezbollah – Sayed Hassan Nasrallah, who previously said "They are ashamed of us, brothers and sisters. They are ashamed of saying they came to defend us, but they talk about defending Israel."

Southern Lebanese reception

In the summer of 2010, relations soured between the French contingent and residents in several villages that led to injuries on both sides, after a French regiment began an exercise to identify Hezbollah members that included searching homes, taking photographs, using sniffer dogs, and questioning residents. Residents accused them of violating private property, treating them with contempt, and of not coordinating with the Lebanese army. The residents made clear that their conflict was only with the French contingent, and that relations with other contingents were good. Following discussions between UNIFIL commanders, ambassadors of countries with soldiers in UNIFIL, and the commander of the Lebanese army, an agreement was reached under which sniffer dogs would no longer be used, UNIFIL soldiers would refrain from entering Lebanese homes and yards, and only Lebanese army soldiers would carry out searches of homes.

Generally, relations between UNIFIL and local residents have been good. UNIFIL forces have offered various services to the locals, and have introduced elements of their own culture. India's UNIFIL contingent has carried out small-scale development projects, operates medical and dental clinics, veterinary care for local animals, and also runs entertainment camps for children and yoga classes.

The Indonesian UNIFIL contingent (INDOBATT) also gained a good reputation among the South Lebanese people through the Civil Military Coordination (CIMIC) program implemented by the contingent. This program has included many community-based activities, including computer courses for local residents, medical assistance and also technical assistance in rebuilding social facilities.

The French contingent has taught poetry courses to local Francophone residents as well as French vocabulary and grammar to primary school students in 15 schools, the Italian contingent has given cooking lessons, the South Korean contingent has taught Taekwondo, and the Chinese contingent has taught Tai chi.

An official source within the Lebanese government informed Al Jazeera that, despite UNIFIL's shortcomings, the force had been responsible for regularly hosting and mediating negotiations between Lebanese and Israeli forces, helping to defuse tensions. The source also claimed that prior to the mission's deployment in 1978, southern Lebanon was far more chaotic and unstable, and that UNIFIL's departure would lead to an outbreak of more conflict.

Confrontations

Israel

On 22 September 2006, French Air Force jets were seen over the skies of Beirut during Hassan Nasrallah's victory speech, possibly trying to protect him from an Israeli assassination attempt. Nasrallah told the crowd that he had no fear in addressing the masses directly, rather than through armored glass. On 28 September, two Israeli Merkava tanks, an armored bulldozer, and a number of military vehicles entered Lebanon and established a road block 500 meters away from the road leading to Marwahin village.

The IDF force asked to advance deeper into Lebanese territory but they were confronted by four United Nations Leclerc tanks operated by French troops, which blocked their advance. The confrontation lasted for half an hour, in which Israeli soldiers confiscated the identity cards of photographers at the scene, claiming they may give pictures of the Israeli military to Hezbollah members. According to American and German correspondents, the French retreated, while the French commander claimed that the Israelis had turned back.

Following the war, Hezbollah was widely reported to be rearming with the help of Iran and Syria, which were reportedly smuggling weaponry and munitions into Lebanon to replenish Hezbollah's depleted stocks. Israel accused UNIFIL of failing to prevent Hezbollah's rearmament and thus failing to implement Resolution 1701. The Israeli Air Force began flying reconnaissance sorties over Lebanon to monitor Hezbollah's rearmament, with Israel announcing they would continue until Resolution 1701 was fully implemented. This led to repeated confrontations with UNIFIL.

On 3 October 2006, an Israeli fighter jet penetrated the 2-nautical-mile (3.7 km) defense perimeter of the French Navy frigate Courbet without answering radio calls, triggering a diplomatic incident. Israel apologized after official protests from the French government.

On 24 October, six Israeli Air Force F-16 jets flew over the German Navy intelligence ship Alster, patrolling off Israel's coast just south of the Lebanese border. The German Defense Ministry said that the planes had given off infrared decoys and one of the aircraft had fired two shots into the air, which had not been specifically aimed. The Israeli military said that a German helicopter took off from the vessel without having coordinated this with Israel, and denied vehemently having fired any shots at the vessel and said "as of now" it also had no knowledge of the jets launching flares over it.

Militias

A battle took place on May 9, 1978, in the town of Kaukaba when PLO soldiers attacked Norwegian peacekeepers. The battle took place about six weeks after the first Norwegian troops arrived in Lebanon. The skirmish is regarded as one of the hardest battles fought by Norwegian soldiers in the UNIFIL force, and the PLO soldiers got as close as 30 meters. Throughout the skirmish, the Norwegians fired about 200 machine gun shots, 50 shots from automatic weapons and two Carl Gustav RFK grenades. The PLO fired about ten times more shots from hand weapons, as well as eight gun grenades. Eventually the PLO gave up, and pledged not to fire at the Norwegians again. One Norwegian suffered light injuries during the attack. Official PLO casualties were one dead and one wounded. The Norwegian soldiers believed the real number of Palestinians dead to be closer to eight.

On 6 April 1980, clashes between UNIFIL peacekeepers and the South Lebanon Army, an Israeli-backed Lebanese militia, began when the SLA attacked Irish troops based in At Tiri. The Irish soldiers held their ground and called in Dutch and Fijian peacekeepers as reinforcements. The battle ended on 12 April when the Dutch contingent employed TOW missiles against the SLA. During the battle, two UNIFIL peacekeepers were killed: Stephen Griffin, a 21-year-old Private from the 46th Irish Battalion, from Rahoon in County Galway, and Sevati Sovonaivalu of the Fijian Army. One SLA soldier, 19-year old Massoud Bazzi, was also killed.

On 18 April 1980, two Irish soldiers were killed in the area. In December 2020, a Lebanese military court found ex-militia member Mahmoud Bazzi, brother of Massoud, guilty of the murders of Private Thomas Barrett and Private Derek Smallhorne in April 1980. The court sentenced Bazzi to life in prison. It immediately reduced this sentence to 15 years on the basis of him being aged 76 at the time of conviction.

On 24 June 2007, six UNIFIL soldiers, three Colombians and three Spanish, were killed after their vehicle was hit by an explosive device. Two others, both Spanish, were injured in the incident. No group has yet admitted responsibility, although the Israeli military believed the attack was perpetrated by members of al-Qaeda.

Casualties

Fatalities

As of 26 April 2026, UNIFIL has had 348 fatalities since 1978. They include the following nationalities:

Incidents

Injuries

A verdict of Trondheim District Court in 2006 resulted in the Norwegian government being ordered to pay 1.216 million kroner as compensation for tortious injury that Knut Braa acquired as a UNIFIL soldier.

Leadership