Mary Hamilton

Mary Lucille Hamilton (October 13, 1935 – November 11, 2002) was an African-American civil rights activist whose case before the U.S. Supreme Court, Hamilton v. Alabama, decided that an African-American woman was entitled to the same courteous forms of address customarily reserved solely to whites in the Southern United States, and that calling a black person by his or her first name in a legal proceeding was "a form of racial discrimination". Early life and education Hamilton was born to Robert Emerson DeCarlo and Elizabeth Winston Hamilton. She was a graduate of East Denver High School in Denver, Colorado in 1953 and she received her B.S. at Briarcliff College in Briarcliff Manor and her M.A.T. (Master of Arts in Teaching) in 1971 at Manhattanville College in Purchase, New York. Activism Hamilton, who grew up in Iowa and Colorado, wanted to be a nun and briefly taught parochial school in Los Angeles. After discovering socialism, she became active in the Civil Rights Movement in the South, and joined the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE). She participated in the Freedom Rides, and was arrested in Jackson, Mississippi, in 1961, enduring "sweltering jails, [and] invasive and unnecessary vaginal exams, answering police and jail officers with "polite noncompliance". She continued to engage in non-violent protest and helped register voters, all the while being arrested frequently at protests, and rose to the position of "field secretary", the only female field secretary at the time, only the third one in CORE's history, and the first one to be allowed to work in the South. Eventually she became CORE's Southern regional director.