Dedham

History

17th century

Settled in 1635 by people from Roxbury and Watertown, Dedham was incorporated in 1636. It became the county seat of Norfolk County when the county was formed from parts of Suffolk County on March 26, 1793. When the Town was originally incorporated, the residents wanted to name it "Contentment." The Massachusetts General Court overruled them and named the town after Dedham, Essex in England, where some of the original inhabitants were born. The boundaries of the town at the time stretched to the Rhode Island border.

At the first public meeting on August 15, 1636, eighteen men signed the town covenant. They swore that they would "in the fear and reverence of our Almighty God, mutually and severally promise amongst ourselves and each to profess and practice one truth according to that most perfect rule, the foundation whereof is ever lasting love."

They also agreed that "we shall by all means labor to keep off from us all such as are contrary minded, and receive only such unto us as may be probably of one heart with us, [and such] as that we either know or may well and truly be informed to walk in a peaceable conversation with all meekness of spirit, [this] for the edification of each other in the knowledge and faith of the Lord Jesus…" The covenant also stipulated that if differences were to arise between townsmen, they would seek arbitration for resolution and each would pay his fair share for the common good.

Dedham is home to the Fairbanks House, the oldest surviving timber-frame house in the United States, scientifically dated to 1637. On January 1, 1643, by unanimous vote, Dedham authorized the first taxpayer-funded public school, "the seed of American education." Its first schoolmaster, Rev. Ralph Wheelock, a Clare College graduate, was paid 20 pounds annually to instruct the youth of the community. Descendants of these students would become presidents of Dartmouth College, Yale University, and Harvard University.

The first man-made canal in North America, Mother Brook, was created in Dedham in 1639. It linked the Charles River to the Neponset River. Although both are slow-moving rivers, they are at different elevations. The difference in elevation made the canal's current swift enough to power several local mills.

18th century

Just 15 months after asking for their own church, 40 men living on the north side of the Charles River suddenly asked the General Court to separate them from Dedham. Their petition cited the inadequate services provided, namely schools and churches. They also said that, if they were simply to be made a precinct instead of a separate town, that they would suffer political reprisals. Dedham agreed that the services were inadequate and did not oppose the separation, but did try to reduce the amount of land the separatists were seeking. Dedham also asked for a delay of one year. The General Court agreed with the petitioners, however, and created the new town of Needham with the original boundaries requested. Those who remained in Dedham still held rights to the unallotted lands in Needham, however, and any decrease in taxes would be offset by a decrease in expenditures. There may have also been some satisfaction in separating themselves from those on the other side of the 1704 power struggle.

In November 1798, David Brown led a group in Dedham protesting the federal government; they set up a liberty pole, as people had before the American Revolution. It carried the words, "No Stamp Act, No Sedition Act, No Alien Bills, No Land Tax, downfall to the Tyrants of America; peace and retirement to the President; Long Live the Vice President", referring to then-President John Adams and Vice President Thomas Jefferson. Brown was arrested in Andover but because he could not afford the $4,000 bail, he was taken to Salem for trial. Brown was tried in June 1799. Although he wanted to plead guilty, Justice Samuel Chase urged him to name those who had helped him or subscribed to his writings in exchange for freedom. Brown refused, was fined $480, and sentenced to eighteen months in prison. It was the most severe sentence up to then imposed under the Alien and Sedition Acts.

19th century

In 1818, though citizens were still taxed for the support of ministers and other "public teachers of religion", Dedham set a precedent toward the separation of church and state. Residents of the town selected a minister different than that chosen by the church members; the selection by residents was confirmed by the Supreme Judicial Court. This decision increased support for the disestablishment of the Congregational churches.

The local Endicott Estate burned to the ground in 1904 after the local volunteer fire department, responding to three separate fires burning simultaneously, reached the Endicott fire last. By the time they arrived, only ashes remained. It is said that the estate's owner, Henry Bradford Endicott (also founder of the Endicott Johnson Corporation) took the burning of the homestead as a divine command to rebuild (which he did). The rebuilt Endicott Estate is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The estate and surrounding grounds are open to the public, upholding Henry's stepdaughter Katherine's wish to use the house and property for "educational, civic, social and recreational purposes."

20th century

In 1921, the historic Sacco and Vanzetti trial was held in the Norfolk County Courthouse. Dedham Pottery is a cherished class of antiques, characterized by a distinctive crackle glaze, blue-and-white color scheme, and a frequent motif of rabbits and other animals. Dedham is sometimes called the "mother of towns" because 14 present-day communities were included within its original broad borders.

21st century

In March 2023, Dedham dedicated an 84,000 square-foot public safety complex on the site of the former Town Hall at 26 Bryant Street.

Geography

Dedham is located at 42°14′40″N 71°9′55″W (42.244609, −71.165531). On the northwest it is bordered by Needham, on the southwest by Westwood, on the northeast by Boston, and on the southeast by Canton.

On the northeastern corner of High Street and Court Street, the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey placed a small medallion into a granite block showing an elevation of 112.288 feet. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 10.6 square miles (27 km2), of which 10.4 square miles (27 km2) is land and 0.2 square miles (0.52 km2) (1.79%) is water.

The Town Forest is the only such forest in the nation located in the median strip of a highway.

Neighborhoods

Dedham is made up of a number of neighborhoods:

In the geographical center of town is Oakdale. This is roughly defined by East Street to the west, Cedar Street to the south and east, and Whiting Ave to the north.

The houses in the area around Woodleigh Road, which was declared to be one of the best streets in Greater Boston, have many homes designed by Henry Bailey Alden, who also designed the Endicott Estate.

The subdivision consisting of Morse Avenue, Fulton Street, and Edison Avenue, is named Whiting Park.

Riverdale is an island surrounded by the Charles River and Long Ditch.

Greenlodge runs along the axis of Greenlodge Street. In its early days, it became known as the Peanut Butter Valley, as it was said that after paying for their expensive new homes, that residents could only afford to eat peanut butter sandwiches.

The Manor comprises the neighborhood south of Sprague Street.

East Dedham falls between Mother Brook and the Boston line.

Precinct One, or Upper Dedham, is in the northwestern corner of the town, between High Street and Common Street and the Westwood and Needham lines.

Job's Island, named for Job Richard, is now a peninsula at 91 Common Street.

Highland Street, near Lowder Street, runs up Earwicker's Hill.

Ashcroft is the neighborhood between Cedar Street and Sprague Street. It includes Paul Park and the Capen School.

Climate

Dedham has a warm-summer humid continental climate (Dfb under the Köppen climate classification system), with high humidity and precipitation year-round.

Demographics

As of the census of 2020, there were 23,464 people, 8,654 households, and 6,144 families residing in the town. The population density was 2,415.6 inhabitants per square mile (932.7/km2). There were 10,885 housing units at an average density of 852.2 per square mile (329.0/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 82.04% White, 5.1% Black or African American, 0.00% Native American, 1.87% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 0.80% from other races, and 6.8% from two or more races. 7.5% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. As of 2024, the most common ethnic groups are those of Irish or Italian heritage, with many descended from those who came to work in the mills along Mother Brook. The largest religious group are Catholics.

There were 8,654 households, of which 30.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them. 56.3% were married couples living together, 11.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.0% were non-families. 23.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.61 and the average family size was 3.14.

Dedham's population was spread out, with 22.2% under the age of 18, 5.8% from 18 to 24, 31.1% from 25 to 44, 24.2% from 45 to 64, and 16.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.0 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $128,955. The per capita income for the town was $69,825. About 3.2% of families and 4.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 3.9% of those under age 18 and 6.5% of those age 65 or over.

Seal and flag

The town's seal was originally designed by a member of the Dedham Historical Society. In the center is a crest containing the Old Avery Oak. When the tree was finally felled, the gavel used by the Moderator at Town Meeting was carved out of it. The gavel was designed and carved by Edward F. Snow Sr., whose family were long time residents. Above the tree are the scales of justice, representing Dedham as the county seat and home to Norfolk County's courts. On the left of the tree are agricultural instruments, and on the right is a factory, showing Dedham's history first as a town of farmers and then as one with a number of mills and factories, particularly along Mother Brook. Below the tree is a banner with the word "Contentment", the name of the original plantation.

The town flag is red with the seal prominent and in the center. In the lower left corner is part of the Avery Oak, and in the lower right is part of the Fairbanks House. It hangs in the select board's chambers at town hall and in the Great Hall of the Massachusetts State House.

Government

A charter adopted in 1998 lays out the basic structure of the Town government, although it has been amended occasionally over the years. A seven-member Charter Advisory Committee, appointed in 2012, recommended six substantial changes and numerous minor changes be made to the document. The Selectmen consolidated them into six articles for Town Meeting's consideration, and five were presented to the Meeting in 2013. Voters approved four of them in 2014. A version of the sixth and final proposal was adopted at the Spring 2014 Annual Town Meeting.

Town Meeting

According to Dedham's charter, the "administration of all the fiscal, prudential, and municipal affairs of the town, with the government thereof, shall be vested in a legislative branch, to consist of a representative town meeting." Town Meeting is to consist of no less than 270 members, but not more than necessary to achieve an equal number coming from each precinct. There are currently seven districts, but could be as few as six or as many as nine, with lines drawn by the Select Board and the Registrars of Voters every ten years.

Votes are by voice unless members call for a standing or roll call vote, either of which can be called for by the Moderator. All Town officers are required to attend Town Meeting and multiple member bodies must send at least one representative who have all the privileges of a Member except the right to vote. If 5% of Town voters petition the Select Board within 14 days of Town Meeting, any action taken may be submitted to voters. The final result is to be determined by majority vote, but Town Meeting can not be overruled unless 20% of registered voters participate.

Town Meeting sets its own rules and keeps a journal of proceedings. The Town Meeting may establish various ad-hoc and standing committees on which any Town Meeting Member or voter may serve.

Before each Spring Annual Town Meeting, the Public Service Recognition Award is given to recognize citizens who have performed outstanding acts of service to the community.

Currently Town Meeting consists of 273 members, or representatives, with each of the seven districts, or precincts, electing 39. Thirteen are elected from each precinct each year and serve a three-year term. Each precinct elects from its own members a chairman, vice chairman, and secretary.

To be eligible, candidates must have 10 registered voters from their precinct sign nomination papers. Town Meeting Representatives can not serve on any other elected board or on the Finance and Warrant Committee. Members who move from the district or are removed by redistricting may serve until the next Town Election; however, any member who moves out of the Town immediately ceases to be a Member.

Select Board

The executive branch of the Town Government is "headed" by a Select Board. The Board has five members who are elected for three-year terms and serve as the chief policy-making body for the town. They appoint a Town Manager, who runs the day-to-day affairs of the Town. They also appoint constables, registrars of voters and other election officers, the board of appeals, conservation commission, historic district commission, and members of several other multiple member boards. Dennis J. Teehan Jr. serves as chair, with Erin Boles Welsh serving as Vice Chair. James A. MacDonald, Dimitria Sullivan and Michelle Persson Reilly also serve as members.

Select board members set policy for all departments below it, but are not involved in the day-to-day affairs of the Town. They issue licenses and can investigate the affairs and the conduct of any town agency.

Town Clerk

The Elected Town Clerk serves a three-year term and works full-time for the Town. The Clerk is "the keeper of vital statistics of the town and the custodian of the town seal and all public records, administer[s] the oaths of office to all town officers... [and is] the clerk of the town meeting." In the role as clerk of town meeting, he notifies the public and members of the Town Meeting and keeps a verbatim record of proceedings. The current Town Clerk is Paul Munchbach.

Town Moderator

Town Meetings are presided over by the Town Moderator, but she has no vote unless all the Members present and voting are equally divided. At the first Town Meeting following the annual town election, she is to appoint, subject to Town Meeting's confirmation, a Deputy Moderator from the elected Members. The Deputy serves in case of the Moderator's absence or disability. The current Town Moderator is Elizabeth O'Donnell.

Other boards and committees

The seven members of the School Committee are elected for three-year terms and appoint a Superintendent of Schools. They also set policy for the School Department. The School Committee is currently chaired by Mayanne MacDonald Briggs, with Stephen Acosta serving as Vice Chair. The other members of the committee are Chris Polito, Leah Flynn Gallant, Laurie Twomey, Joshua Langmead, and William (Bill) Walsh.

The three elected members of the Board of Assessors serve three-year terms and annually make a fair cash valuation of all property within the town. The current chair is Michael T. Polito. Richard J. Schoenfeld serves as Vice Chair and George Panagopoulos serves as Secretary.

The three elected members of the Board of Health are responsible for the formulation and enforcement of rules and regulations affecting the environment and the public health. Currently the board is chaired by Bernadette Chriokas. Leanne Jasset serves as Vice Chair, and Emma Reidy serves as a member.

The Board of Library Trustees has five members, each of whom serves three-year terms, and has care of the town's public library at the Endicott Branch and Main Branch. The Board develops policies to dictate how the library functions and operates. The Board is responsible for the library's buildings, including library hours and building use outside of regular operating hours. The Board also reviews the Director's budget request, makes recommendations, and officially adopts the operating budget. The current chair is Tom Turner, with Brian Keaney serving as Vice Chair. Crystal Power serves as Clerk. Annette Raphel and Rita Chapdelaine also serve as members.

The five elected members of the Planning Board make studies and prepare plans concerning the resources, possibilities, and needs of the town. It also prepares the Master Plan. Currently the board is chaired by Michael A. Podolski, Esq., with Jessica Porter serving as Vice Chair. James E. O'Brien IV serves as Clerk. John Bethoney and James F. McGrail, Esq. are also members. Andrew Pepoli serves as an unelected Associate.

There are five elected members of the Parks & Recreation Commission. Section 3-10 of the Town Charter states that the goal of the commission is to promote physical education, play, recreation, sport and other programs for people of all ages. The commission is currently chaired by Lisa Farnham, with Jon Briggs serving as Vice Chair. Lisa Moran, Chuck Dello Iacono, and Ryan O'Toole are also members.

Politics

Dedham has shown a consistent trend of support for the Democratic Party in recent presential elections. From 1996 to 2024, Dedham's voting patterns have leaned heavily Democratic, with the party consistently winning the majority of votes. In the 2024 presidential election, Democrat Kamala Harris secured 63.27% of the vote, making a slight decrease from the 67.81% that Democrat Joe Biden received in 2020.

In the 1980 election, the Republican Ronald Reagan notably received 46.81% of the vote, marking a significant challenge to the Democrats during that period. Prior to that, Dedham displayed a more competitive political landscape, with Republicans achieving over 50% of the vote in several elections, such as 1956 (61.84%) and 1948 (63.17%). The mid-20th century was characterized by a stronger Republican presence, with the party frequently outperforming Democrats in the early decades of the century.

Dedham's modern political identity aligns with broader statewide trends in Massachusetts, where Democratic candidates typically secure a commanding share of the vote. Despite shifts in national political dynamics, Dedham's electoral results indicate a stable commitment to Democratic candidates, reflecting its position within a predominantly Democratic region. Third-party candidates have historically gained minimal support, though certain elections, such as 1992 and 1980, saw relatively higher percentages of third-party votes, reaching up to 22.38% and 15.91%, respectively.

Television and film

Dedham has been featured on both television and film screens.

William Desmond Taylor's 1919 silent film Anne of Green Gables was filmed in Dedham. It was the favorite role of star Mary Miles Minter, but no copies of the film are known to have survived. The film also starred Paul Kelly.

The 1973 film The Friends of Eddie Coyle was partially filmed in Dedham and starred Robert Mitchum, Peter Boyle, and Alex Rocco.

In the 1980s, the Endicott Estate was featured in an episode of Spenser: For Hire.

The 1982 film Pieces was filmed mainly in Madrid, but also included the same Dedham Square robbed in 'Eddie Coyle'.

The Endicott Estate was also featured in the 2000 film The Perfect Storm.

The award-winning 2000 film State and Main was filmed in Dedham, and Alec Baldwin's character slept in the Endicott Estate.

In a 2004 episode of The Practice, viewers learned that Alan Shore grew up in the town, and numerous references to the Sacco and Vanzetti trial were also made. Images of Dedham Square, the Dedham Historical Society building and the courthouses were shot on location. In addition, "extremely rare" interior and exterior photos of the courthouses from the turn of the 20th century were shown.

The 2010 thriller Shutter Island was partially filmed in Dedham.

The 2014 film The Judge was filmed partly in Dedham Square.

Kathryn Bigelow's 2017 film, Detroit, utilized the Dedham District Court as a filming location.

Infrastructure

Roads

There are over 550 named streets in Dedham, and it continues to grow. Street names are assigned by the Select Board. There are 16 different street suffixes in use. The longest street is High Street, with 3.5 miles in Dedham, and the shortest is a tie between Kings Court and Redwood Court, both about 60 feet long.

The first street in Dedham to be laid out with house lots on either side, as opposed to simply being a road to connect one farm to another, was Church Street. It was laid out by Rev. William Montague from the Colburn Grant. Norfolk Street was next, followed by School street.

In the 1800s, West Street turned south at what is today Burgess Lane and continued to Westfield Street. After Route 128 was built, it severed several roads in the area. That portion of West Street became Burgess Lane in the north and Schoolmaster Lane in the south. The portion of Westfield Street west of the highway became known as Country Club Road, named for the Dedham Country and Polo Club.

Many streets were named for famous Dedhamites:

Ames Street was named for the members of the Ames family, including Nathaniel Ames and his sons Fisher and Nathaniel, and his wife Deborah.

Barrows Street is named for Thomas Barrows.

Bates Court is named for Joshua Bates.

Burgess Lane is named for Ebenezer Burgess.

Bussey Street is named for Benjamin Bussey.

Chickering Road is named for Hannah Chickering.

Dexter Street was named for Rev. Samuel Dexter.

Fairbanks Road is named for the Fairbanks family, beginning with Jonathan Fairbanks.

Public transportation

Commuter rail service from Boston's South Station is provided by the MBTA with stops at Endicott and Dedham Corporate Center on its Franklin/Foxboro Line. Also, MBTA bus routes 34 Dedham Square to Forest Hills serves Washington Street, Dedham Square, and the Dedham Mall, route 34E Walpole Center to Forest Hills serves Washington Street and Dedham Square, and route 35 Dedham Mall to Forest Hills serves Washington Street and the Dedham Mall.

Police and Fire

In March 2023, Dedham opened an 84,000 square-foot public safety complex on the site of the former Town Hall at 26 Bryant Street. The complex combines the equipment and personnel of the town's fire, police, and dispatch departments. This building replaced the previous police station at 600 High Street (built 1962) and fire station at 436 Washington Street (built 1952).

Education

Public education

The Dedham Public Schools operates seven schools and is known for the first implementation of a tax supported, free public school system, now used nationally.

Dedham High School

Dedham Middle School

Avery Elementary School

Oakdale Elementary School

Greenlodge Elementary School

Riverdale Elementary School

Dr. Thomas J. Curren Early Childhood Education Center

Private education

In addition, there are several private schools in the town, including:

Noble and Greenough School, a private, co-educational day and boarding school for students in grades 7–12

Dedham Country Day School, a private, co-educational, day school for students in pre-kindergarten to eighth grade

Ursuline Academy, an independent college preparatory day school for young women in grades 7–12.

The Rashi School, a Reform Jewish elementary and middle school.

Little Sprouts Early Education and Childcare, a preschool and kindergarten.

Regina Caeli Academy, based at St. Mary's Church.

Former schools

Ames School, a former public elementary school named after distinguished Dedham resident Fisher Ames.

Charles J. Capen School, operated from 1931 to 1981.

St. Mary of the Assumption School, a former Catholic elementary school that operated as a part of St. Mary of the Assumption Parish until 1975.

The Quincy School, a former public elementary school that operated until 1982.

The Dexter School, a former public elementary school now operating as a private preschool and kindergarten, Little Sprouts Early Education and Childcare, Dedham location.

Higher education

Queen of Apostles Seminary, a former Catholic minor seminary run by the Society of African Missions, closed in the late 1960s

Northeastern University Dedham Campus, a satellite campus located in the Queen of Apostles Seminary's former building

Points of interest

Organizations

Dedham Historical Society and Museum

Dedham Public Library

Christmas light display at the Civitarese-Cushman House

Businesses

Dedham Health and Athletic Complex

Legacy Place, outdoor shopping center.

Moseley's on the Charles, the oldest continuous-running ballroom in the country

Historic Districts

Three districts have been recognized for their historic and architectural significance:

Dedham Village Historic District

Connecticut Corner District

Federal Hill District

Buildings

19 Court Street, a building with several uses over several centuries

369 Washington Street, the Knights of Columbus building

601-603 High Street, a commercial building in Dedham Square

848 High Street, the childhood home of David Hackett, and the inspiration for Phinneas' house in A Separate Peace.

East Dedham Firehouse, possibly the oldest wood framed firehouse in use in the United States. Originally built in 1855, it was designed with stables in the basement for the horses that carried the apparatus.

Notable people

Arts and literature

Louisa May Alcott, author of Little Women

Tim Costello (1945–2009), labor and anti-globalization advocate and author

Jacques d'Amboise, ballet dancer and choreographer

George Derby, humorist

Alvan Fisher, artist

Reuben Guild, librarian and author

Lilian Westcott Hale, artist

Connie Hines, television actress

Peter H. Reynolds, children's author and illustrator

Anita Shreve, author

Richard Trethewey, plumber on This Old House

Government

Fisher Ames, U.S. Representative

Louis Brandeis, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States

LeBaron Bradford Colt, U.S. Senator

William S. Damrell, Know Nothing U.S. Representative who served two terms and died in Dedham and whose Dedham estate formed part of Fairview Cemetery

Samuel Dexter, U.S. Representative, Secretary of War, Secretary of the Treasury, administered oath of office to Chief Justice John Marshall

Frederick D. Ely, U.S. Representative

David Hackett, head of President's Committee on Juvenile Delinquency and Youth Crime, inspiration for Phineas in A Separate Peace

John William McCormack, Speaker of U.S. House of Representatives

John Lothrop Motley, historian, Minister to Great Britain, Minister to Austrian Empire

Frederick J. Stimson, Ambassador to Argentina (1914–1921), Assistant Attorney General of Massachusetts

George F. Williams, U.S. Representative, Ambassador to Greece and Montenegro, known as "sage of Dedham"

Deborah R. Cochran, Representative to the Great and General Court

Waldo Colburn (1824–1885), Massachusetts State Representative, Massachusetts State Supreme Court Justice

Samuel Haven (1771–1847), Chief justice of the Court of Common Pleas

Military

John Andrew Barnes, III, war hero, Medal of Honor recipient

Ebenezer Battelle, Revolutionary War veteran

Leon A. Edney, former Supreme Allied Commander, NATO Atlantic Forces, United States Atlantic Command, Commodore Admiral, US Navy

William B. Gould, former enslaved Union Navy sailor

James William Augustus Nicholson, Rear Admiral, U.S. Navy

Thomas Sherwin, General in the Civil War

Stephen Minot Weld Jr., Civil War hero

Religious

Eliphalet Adams (1677–1753), clergyman and missionary to the Native Americans

John Allin, patriarch of New England and signatory to the Dedham Covenant

Charles A. Finn, oldest Catholic priest in the United States

Sports

Buck Danner, infielder for the Philadelphia Athletics

Pete Hamilton, NASCAR driver

Bill Hunnefield, infielder for Chicago White Sox (1926–1930), Cleveland Indians (1931), Boston Braves (1931) and New York Giants (1931)

John Frederick Kiley, outfielder for the Washington Nationals (1884) and Boston Beaneaters (1891)

Lefty Mills, early American one-armed baseball player

Sarah Parsons, member of the 2006 Winter Olympics women's hockey team

Freddy Roach, professional boxer

Warren Cummings Smith, alpine skier in the 2014 Winter Olympics men's giant slalom and slalom

Miscellaneous

Weaver W. Adams, chess master

Nathaniel Ames, almanac-maker and physician

Faxon Atherton, businessman and namesake of Atherton, California

Jason Fairbanks, murderer

Jonathan Fairbanks, builder of the Fairbanks House

Temple Grandin, professor of animal science, inventor and autism advocate

Samuel Foster Haven, archaeologist and anthropologist

Eli Sagan (1927–2015), clothing manufacturer, lecturer and author in cultural anthropology and political activist who served on the national finance committee for George McGovern's 1972 presidential campaign, a role that earned him a spot on Richard Nixon's Enemies List in 1973

Royal O. Storrs (1815–1888), businessman, banker, and owner of the Merchant's Woolen Mill

Tommy Vietor, National Security Council spokesperson, podcast host of Pod Save America