The dean of the College of Cardinals (Latin: Decanus Collegii Sanctae Romanae Ecclesiae Cardinalium) presides over the College of Cardinals in the Catholic Church, serving as primus inter pares ('first among equals'). The position was established in the 12th century. He always holds the rank of a cardinal bishop and is assisted by a vice-dean. Both are elected by and from the cardinal bishops who are not Eastern Catholic patriarchs, with their election subject to papal confirmation. Except for presiding over the college, the dean and vice-dean have no power over the other cardinals.
For centuries, the cardinal bishop who had been a bishop of a suburbicarian see the longest was the dean. This custom became a requirement with the canon law of 1917. On 26 February 1965, Pope Paul VI empowered the cardinal bishops to elect the dean from among their number. Both the dean and subdean must reside in Rome.
Until December 2019, the dean held the position until death or resignation; there was no mandatory age of retirement. Then, upon accepting Cardinal Angelo Sodano's resignation as dean of the College of Cardinals, Pope Francis established that the dean would henceforth serve a five-year term that may be renewed once. In anticipation of the election of a new dean, Francis said: "I am hoping they will elect someone who can carry this important responsibility full time." Nevertheless, on 6 February 2025, the Pope extended indefinitely Cardinal Re's mandate as dean.
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Responsibilities
The dean summons the conclave for the purposes of electing a new pope following a death or resignation. The dean presides over the daily meetings of the College of Cardinals in advance of the conclave and then presides over the conclave unless his age prohibits his participation. The dean also has the responsibility of communicating the "news of the Pope's death to the Diplomatic Corps accredited to the Holy See and to the Heads of the respective Nations". He is the public face of the Holy See until a new pope is elected. If he participates in the conclave, the dean asks the pope-elect if he accepts the election, and then asks the new pope what name he wishes to use. If the dean himself is elected pope, the aforementioned tasks are assumed by the sub-dean of the College of Cardinals. If the newly elected pope is not already a bishop, the dean ordains him a bishop.
The dean has "the title of the diocese of Ostia, together with that of any other church to which he already has a title," such as his suburbicarian diocese. This has been the case since 1914, by decree of Pope Pius X – previous deans had given up their suburbicarian see and taken the joint title of Ostia and Velletri, which were separated in that same 1914 decree.
Deans elected pope
Nine deans have been elected pope:
Corrado Demitri, elected Pope Anastasius IV in 1153
Ubaldo Allucingoli, elected Pope Lucius III in 1181
Ugolino di Conti was elected Pope Gregory IX in 1227
Rinaldo di Jenne was elected Pope Alexander IV in 1254
Pedro Julião was elected Pope John XXI in September 1276
Roderic de Borja was elected Pope Alexander VI in 1492
Alessandro Farnese was elected Pope Paul III in 1534
Gian Pietro Carafa was elected Pope Paul IV in May 1555
Joseph Ratzinger was elected Pope Benedict XVI in 2005
List of deans
The following is the list of deans of the Sacred College of Cardinals, separated into three groups to account for the Western Schism, which ended after the Council of Constance. The earliest attested reference to the "College of Cardinals" is at the Council of Reims in 1148.
Each name in the following list includes years of birth and death, then comma-separated years of cardinalate and deanship.
Before the Western Schism
Pietro Senex (d. 1134) (1102, before 1130)
Guillaume (d. 1137/1139) (1122, 1130)
Corrado della Suburra (1073–1154) (1114, 1137/1139)Elected Pope Anastasius IV in 1153
Imar of Tusculum (d. 1161) (1142, 1153, deposed 1159)
Gregorio de Suburra (d. 1163) (1140, 1159)
Ubaldo Allucingoli (1097–1185) (1138, 1163) Elected Pope Lucius III in 1181
Conrad of Wittelsbach (1120/1125–1200) (1165, 1181)
Ottaviano di Paoli (d. 1206) (1182, 1200)
Pietro Gallocia (d. 1211) (1188, 1206)
Nicola de Romanis (d. 1219) (1204, 1211)
Ugolino dei Conti di Segni (1145–1241) (1198, 1219)Elected Pope Gregory IX in 1227
Pelagio Galvani (d. 1230) (1206/1207, 1227)
Jean Halgrin (1180–1237) (1227, 1230)
Jacques de Vitry (1160/70–1240) (1228, 1237)
Rinaldo Conti (1185–1261) (1227, 1240)Elected Pope Alexander IV in 1254
Odo of Châteauroux (1190–1273) (1244, 1254)
John of Toledo (d. 1275) (1244, 1273)
João Pedro Julião (1210–1276) (1273, 1275)Elected Pope John XXI in 1276
After the Council of Constance
Angelo Correr (c. 1330–1417) (1415, 1415)
Jean-Allarmet de Brogny (1342–1426) (1385, 1417)
Baldassare Cossa (c. 1360/1370–1419) (1419, 1419)
Jean Allarmet de Brogny (2nd term) (1342–1426) (1385, 1419)
Angelo d'Anna de Sommariva (d. 1428) (1384, 1426)
Giordano Orsini (1360/1370–1438) (1405, 1428)
Antonio Correr (again) (1369–1445) (1408, 1438)
Giovanni Berardi (1380–1449) (1439, 1445)
Amédée de Savoie (1383–1451) (1449, 1449)
Francesco Condulmer (1390–1453) (1431, 1451)
Giorgio Fieschi (c. 1395–1461) (1439, 1453)
Isidore of Kiev (1380/1390–1463) (1439, 1461)
Basilios Bessarion (1403–1472) (1439, 1463)
Guillaume d'Estouteville (1403–1483) (1439, 1472)
Roderic de Borja (1431–1503) (1456, 1483) Elected Pope Alexander VI in 1492
Oliviero Carafa (1430–1511) (1467, 1492)
Raffaele Riario (1461–1521) (1477, 1511)
Bernardino Lopez de Carvajal (1456–1523) (1493, 1521)