downhill

Downhill is a form of alpine skiing competition. Whereas the other alpine skiing events (slalom, giant slalom, super giant slalom, and combined) emphasize turning and technique, downhill emphasizes "the six components of technique, courage, speed, risk, physical condition and judgement", according to the FIS "International Ski Competition Rules (ICR)". Speeds of up to are common in international competition. Athletes must have an aerodynamically efficient tuck position to minimize drag and increase speed. The term, "downhill skiing", is also used as a synonym for alpine skiing as a recreational activity. History The rules for downhill skiing competitions were originally developed by Sir Arnold Lunn for the 1925 British National Ski Championships. A speed of was first achieved by Johan Clarey at the 2013 Lauberhorn World Cup, beating the previous record of , set by Italian Stefan Thanei in 2005. Course The FIS has rules for downhill courses that encompass their general characteristics, width, safety precautions, vertical drop, course length, style and placement of gates. General characteristics – As a test of "technique, courage, speed, risk, physical condition and judgement", the course requires the athlete to adapt to the technically demanding terrain and layout of gates. Width – Courses are typically wide with allowances for the approaches to "lips, drop-offs and jumps". Safety – Obstacles on courses are expected to be protected with nets, fences, or pads. Vertical drop – Vertical drop ranges from for men and for women. Races with two runs may be shorter. Course length – Courses require an accurate means of measurement for length. Gates – Gates consist of pairs of twin poles with a rectangular panel between the poles. Gates have an or larger opening.