Znak

Znak was an association of lay Catholics in Poland, active between 1956 and 1976. It was the only Catholic organisation that was tolerated by the communist Polish United Workers' Party and supported the Catholic hierarchy. It was created as one of several smaller groups that sprung up after dissolution of the communist-controlled association PAX of Bolesław Piasecki in 1956. It was granted with several seats in the Polish Sejm and was intended as a link between the Catholic Church and the state. As such it was allowed to cooperate with various Western European catholic movements, among them the German section of the International Catholic Peace Movement Pax Christi. It was composed of the members of Klub Inteligencji Katolickiej (Club of Catholic Intelligentsia) and journalists of the newspaper Tygodnik Powszechny. Among the most prominent members of Znak were: Tadeusz Mazowiecki Jerzy Zawieyski Stefan Kisielewski Stanisław Stomma Wanda Pieniężna Janusz Zabłocki During the March 1968 Events, an anti-Semitic and anti-intelligentsia campaign of Władysław Gomułka, Znak was the only political organisation in Sejm to protest. In 1976, the only member of Znak in the Sejm, Stanisław Stomma, abstained from voting and was one of only two Members of Parliament not to approve the amendment of Polish constitution underlining the "leading role" of the communist party and the "eternal friendship" with the Soviet Union. As a reprisal, Znak was disbanded.