Töre (Kazakh: Төре, romanized: Töre, تورە) was a Kazakh dynasty and later a clan of the descendants of Genghis Khan. The dynasty constituted the upper class of the aristocratic elite that ruled in the Kazakh Khanate. They were also called "Aqsüiek" and "Sūltan töre". Only Töre were eligible to claim the Kazakh Khan title. The first Kazakh Khans from the Töre dynasty were Kerei Khan and Janibek Khan.
The qūn (Kazakh: Құн), also known as the legal punishment for a crime, for killing a Töre was seven times higher than for a commoner.
Contents
Estate
Most of the Töre are descendants of Tuqa-Timur, a smaller part are Shaybanids.
Töre ruled the Kazakh Khanate throughout its history and, by the right of the descendants of Genghis Khan, had a number of privileges: the title of sultan (a khan was elected from among the sultans), possession of a feudal inheritance. Töre are also not part of any of the zhuzes.
Genetics
Most Kazakh Tore people (36%) belong to the haplogroup C2; 25% belong to R2a; 18% belong to R1a1a*; 7% to J1*; 4% to C2b1a2, G1, O2a2b1, Q*, and O2a2b1.
According to a study using molecular genealogy, Y-chromosome haplotypes from the Lu clan in northwestern China, who claim to be descendants of Genghis Khan’s sixth son, Toghan, mostly belong to the Y-chromosome haplogroup C2b1a1b1-F1756. This haplogroup is widely distributed among Altaic-speaking populations and is closely related to the Tore clan from Kazakhstan, who claim descent from Genghis Khan’s first son, Jochi. The most recent common ancestor of the haplotype cluster, which includes the Lu and Tore clans, lived about 1000 years ago. Members of the Huo and Tuo clans, who, according to oral tradition, were close male relatives of the Lu clan, do not share common Y-chromosome lines with the Lu clan. Therefore, the haplogroup C2b1a1b1-F1756 may be another candidate for the true Y-chromosome lineage of Genghis Khan.
