Ara was a Mesopotamian goddess regarded as a servant of the god Enki. While in the past it was often assumed this theonym was only an alternate name Isimud, today the two are regarded as distinct deities who eventually came to be conflated with each other. Ara is attested in sources such as god lists (including the Weidner god list and An = Anum), incantations and a curse formula from Malgium. Name The theonym Ara was written in cuneiform logographically as dŠA. In the past many Assyriologists assumed it was a variant name of Isimud, though Wilfred G. Lambert maintained a cautious approach and stated that it cannot be established whether the two were identical or if they represented two different traditions about the identity of a deity fulfilling the same function in the pantheon. In a recent publication Julia Krul states that based on evidence available as of 2018, it can be assumed they were two deities who eventually came to be conflated with each other, but were originally separate, and additionally that Ara's gender was different from Isimud's, as based on Old Babylonian Emesal texts the name referred to goddess, rather than a god. Associations with other deities Ara is well attested as a servant of Ea (Enki). In the god list An = Anum she is referred to as his sukkalmaḫ (sukkal-maḫ dEn-ki-ga-ke4). This title could be applied to various divine "viziers" (sukkal), though there is no evidence that it indicated superior status to other servant deities, and its use was most likely meant to highlight the high position of a given deity's master in the pantheon. A text from Malgium also refers to Ara as a sukkalmaḫ, but according to Raphael Kutscher in this case the use of this title might have been the result of Elamite cultural influence. In an exorcism text referred to as Gattung III, Ara is addressed as the "vizier of the apsu" (sukkal ab-zu-a). Despite the difference in gender, from the Old Babylonian period onward Ara could be equated with Isimud, which according to Julia Krul might have been related to the latter's characteristic two-faced appearance or to contemporary syncretic processes involving Ninshubur. The latter deity, while originally female, came to be conflated with male deities of analogous character, Ilabrat and Papsukkal, and eventually lost her individual character as a result.

From Wikipedia (CC BY-SA 4.0).

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Overview

Ara was a Mesopotamian goddess regarded as a servant of the god Enki. While in the past it was often assumed this theonym was only an alternate name Isimud, today the two are regarded as distinct deities who eventually came to be conflated with each other. Ara is attested in sources such as god lists (including the Weidner god list and An = Anum), incantations and a curse formula from Malgium. Name The theonym Ara was written in cuneiform logographically as dŠA. In the past many Assyriologists assumed it was a variant name of Isimud, though Wilfred G. Lambert maintained a cautious approach and stated that it cannot be established whether the two were identical or if they represented two different traditions about the identity of a deity fulfilling the same function in the pantheon. In a recent publication Julia Krul states that based on evidence available as of 2018, it can be assumed they were two deities who eventually came to be conflated with each other, but were originally separate, and additionally that Ara's gender was different from Isimud's, as based on Old Babylonian Emesal texts the name referred to goddess, rather than a god. Associations with other deities Ara is well attested as a servant of Ea (Enki). In the god list An = Anum she is referred to as his sukkalmaḫ (sukkal-maḫ dEn-ki-ga-ke4). This title could be applied to various divine "viziers" (sukkal), though there is no evidence that it indicated superior status to other servant deities, and its use was most likely meant to highlight the high position of a given deity's master in the pantheon. A text from Malgium also refers to Ara as a sukkalmaḫ, but according to Raphael Kutscher in this case the use of this title might have been the result of Elamite cultural influence. In an exorcism text referred to as Gattung III, Ara is addressed as the "vizier of the apsu" (sukkal ab-zu-a). Despite the difference in gender, from the Old Babylonian period onward Ara could be equated with Isimud, which according to Julia Krul might have been related to the latter's characteristic two-faced appearance or to contemporary syncretic processes involving Ninshubur. The latter deity, while originally female, came to be conflated with male deities of analogous character, Ilabrat and Papsukkal, and eventually lost her individual character as a result.

From Wikipedia (CC BY-SA 4.0).

Ara was a Mesopotamian goddess regarded as a servant of the god Enki. While in the past it was often assumed this theonym was only an alternate name for Isimud, today the two are regarded as distinct deities who eventually came to be conflated with each other. Ara is attested in sources such as god lists, incantations and a curse formula from Malgium.